Īs quantum particles, the behaviour of multiple indistinguishable bosons at high densities is described by Bose–Einstein statistics. Stable nuclei of even mass number such as deuterium, helium-4 (the alpha particle), carbon-12 and lead-208.Since bosons have integral spin and fermions odd half-integral spin, any composite particle made up of an even number of fermions is a boson. See also: List of particles § Composite particlesĬomposite particles (such as hadrons, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. Neutral weak boson – the force carrier that mediates the weak forceĬharged weak bosons (two types) – also force carriers that mediate the weak forceĪ tensor boson (spin=2) called the graviton (G) has been hypothesised as the force carrier for gravity, but so far all attempts to incorporate gravity into the Standard Model have failed. Gluons (eight different types) – force carriers that mediate the strong force Photon – the force carrier of the electromagnetic field Four vector bosons (spin=1) that act as force carriers.Higgs boson – the particle that gives rise to the phenomenon of mass via the Higgs mechanism They act either as force carriers which give rise to forces between other particles, or in one case give rise to the phenomenon of mass.Īccording to the Standard Model of Particle Physics there are five elementary bosons: Whereas the elementary particles that make up ordinary matter ( leptons and quarks) are fermions, the elementary bosons occupy a special role in particle physics. Outside the realm of particle physics, superfluidity arises because composite bosons (bose particles), such as low temperature helium-4 atoms, follow Bose–Einstein statistics similarly, superconductivity arises because some quasiparticles, such as Cooper pairs, behave in the same way.Īll observed elementary particles are either bosons (with integer spin) or fermions (with odd half-integer spin). Other bosons, such as mesons, are composite particles made up of smaller constituents. Some elementary bosons (for example, gluons) act as force carriers, which give rise to forces between other particles, while one (the Higgs boson) gives rise to the phenomenon of mass. Some bosons are elementary particles and occupy a special role in particle physics unlike that of fermions, which are sometimes described as the constituents of "ordinary matter". Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin ( 1⁄ 2, 3⁄ 2, 5⁄ 2. In particle physics, a boson ( / ˈ b oʊ z ɒ n/ / ˈ b oʊ s ɒ n/ ) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0,1,2.
A composite particle ( hadron) may fall into either class depending on its composition All subatomic particles must be one or the other. Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions.
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